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One of the most powerful tools in the financial planning toolbelt in terms of tax strategy is called a Roth conversion.  It is simply moving money from your pre-tax retirement accounts to your tax-free (or Roth) retirement accounts after you have stopped working and when you are in a lower income tax bracket.  Let’s review how it works. Nest-egg buckets As you save, invest, and grow your retirement nest egg, there are three possible destinations, or buckets, where those asset

I’ve been a DIY investor for nearly three decades, and a financial advisor for almost three years. I’ve always enjoyed learning about investing and managing my own finances and, honestly, never seriously considered hiring a financial advisor before I became one myself. So why the career pivot? After many years in emergency medicine, I wasn’t mentally ready to retire — but I was ready for something different. I decided to dig deeper into my passions and see where that led. For

In my last article , I talked about the basic types and terminologies of bonds.  We learned about terms like coupon rates, par values, and maturities.  The thing that used to confuse me most about bonds is their pricing.  I would hear on the news that interest rates were up, and bond prices were falling.  That didn’t really make sense to me.  Wouldn’t higher interest rates make bonds more attractive?  Actually, it’s the opposite.  Today, I’ll explain how it all works.  The tw

I was aware of bonds early in my investing career but will admit that I didn’t really know that much about them or how they actually worked until I took a basic financial management course as part of my master’s program in finance.  I just knew that they paid out interest, were less volatile, and had lower growth potential than stocks.  I was comfortable with the risk of the stock market and wanted the growth, so I didn’t have much interest in bonds and had very few in my por

We all know that we need to invest to achieve our long-term financial goals, right? But are we confident in knowing how to invest?  My last several blog posts have been about making smart decisions with your portfolio that will help you maximize your return, minimize fees, and manage your risk.  Today, I’m going to talk about bonds—not the nuts and bolts of how they work, but how to decide if your selections are meeting your goals. Stocks or bonds? When we think about portfol

In my last article, I pulled back the curtain on expense ratios —those “silent fees” that can drag down your portfolio without you noticing. But keeping costs low is only the first step in smart portfolio management . The next question is: how do you actually measure whether your portfolio is performing well? That’s where alpha and beta  come in. These two simple metrics can show you not just how much you earned, but how much risk you took to get there. Passive vs Active Inv

As a financial planner, I review a lot of investment portfolios and have learned a few things by doing so.  There are some common mistakes eating into portfolio returns that investors are unaware of or have just overlooked.  Over my next few posts, I am going to discuss some ways that we can all be a little more careful with our portfolio selections.  Today’s post is about paying attention to hidden fees, namely mutual fund expense ratios and sales loads. First, why do I refe

Every quarter, public companies are required to report their finances to shareholders ad potential investors. These reports can significantly alter stock prices and company value if anything defies expectations, even slightly. The core of the financial report is a balance sheet, an income statement, and a statement of cash flows and then there are a lot of pages of explanations and projections. With personal finance, also, it is a good idea for you to generate similar fina

I grew up in a household where making ends meet was always a struggle. When I look back on it, I am amazed at how my parents did it with their low income and five children to feed and clothe.  We didn’t have much extra compared to many of my peers, but I never felt significantly deprived. The only way that could have happened is that my parents were really good at budgeting.  And they still are! Now in their mid-80’s, they still live below their means even though their only s

My last few blog posts have been all about saving for the rising cost of college education.  First was a post about how to figure out how much you will need to save.  The second post was about the various savings options.  This post is a little bit different and will try to address the question: What happens if I have saved all this money in a 529 account and my child doesn’t end up using it? As a quick review, a 529 account is a state-administered college savings account wh

Having reaped the reward from investing in higher education, it is natural for physicians to hope for the same for their children. But the cost of that education continues to climb and climb. If we can make that road a little easier for our kids, we do it.  In my last blog, I introduced a college education savings calculator that is available in the "financial tools" page on my website.  This is an easy-to-use tool to figure out how much you need to save for your kids.  Tod

Saving for higher education As people who understand firsthand the financial power of higher education, most physicians encourage their children to follow in their footsteps, at least to the level of a college degree.  But that degree comes with a significant cost—an ever increasing one.  If you are in the stage of life where you are saving for kids to go to college, looking years ahead to the cost of attendance can be jaw-dropping.  If you don’t start early with a solid inve

Behavior Gap: difference between expected and actual investor outcome I recently got an email from a fellow physician finance enthusiast/professional, Dr. Kenneth Kim.  Kenny is a physician, an enrolled agent (EA), a professional tax strategist, and a blogger who does a great job teaching other doctors about taxes.   I encourage you to check out his blog here . Anyway, he sent me a couple of interesting articles comparing the investment returns of the two major types of reti

Doctor dragged down by anchoring bias Have you ever noticed how the first number you hear tends to shape everything that comes after it—whether it’s the price of a house, a job offer, or even your retirement target? That’s not just a quirk of human thinking; it’s a well-documented psychological phenomenon called anchoring bias. It affects our financial decisions more than we realize—quietly influencing what we think something should  be worth, what we feel we deserve to earn

We all like to think of ourselves as smart, savvy, and rational, right? As physicians, we undergo extensive education, endure grueling training, scour medical research, attend cutting-edge conferences, learn from colleagues, and continuously hone our craft—all so that we can make the right decisions at the right moments that might literally save lives. And when our patients do well, we feel a well-earned sense of pride. We helped save that person’s life. But what happens when

In his excellent book, The Behavior Gap , Carl Richards explains how our own behaviors are often the greatest threat to long-term financial success. He defines the “behavior gap” as the difference between the returns we could  earn by simply holding a portfolio of stocks or funds and the lower returns we actually  earn. Why the gap? Because we interfere in our own success. We let our psychology get in the way. Behavioral finance is a fascinating topic to me, and I’ll be explo

Physician burnout is alarmingly common—49% of physicians reported it in Medscape’s 2024 survey, and emergency medicine physicians topped the list at 63%. In my last post , I shared how I found myself on the wrong side of that statistic. My burnout was multifactorial: career stagnation, compassion fatigue, administrative overload, the toll of night shifts, and the relentless volume of a typical ER shift all played a role. So, what did I do about it? I Realized I Needed Change

According to the 2024 Medscape Physician Burnout & Depression Report  ("We Have Much Work to Do") , 49% of physicians reported feelings of burnout or depression . Emergency medicine physicians stood out from the rest, with a striking 63% reporting burnout. Rates in this specialty escalated dramatically during the COVID-19 pandemic—and unfortunately, they have remained high ever since. Prior to the pandemic, emergency medicine was about average among specialties in burnout rat

By Bryan Jepson, MD, CFP® There are a few economic concepts that consistently require me to sit down with a pen and paper to sketch things out—and the value of the U.S. dollar is one of them. Its impact on inflation, trade, and policy can be tricky to wrap your head around. Since it's been in the news lately, I figured now is a good time for a refresher—not just for myself, but for anyone else trying to make sense of what a "strong" or "weak" dollar actually means. To the U.S

The sky is falling! At least it kind of feels that way if you are paying attention to the stock market and watching the value of your portfolio plummet. The S&P 500 index has lost over 17% since its record close on February 19, 2025 at $6144.15 to the April 7th close at $5074.08. That is a quite a dip in less than two months! In times like these, it is very tempting to get out before things get worse and before you lose more money. But before you start clicking “sell” on al